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Shadda (  ّ )   :   is a sign placed on top of a letter to indicate that the  letter is doubled. Unlike in English, The letter itself if not written twice, but the sing indicates double usage. As such the sound of the letter is made stronger,  A shadda is used alone or in combination with a short vowel or with a tanween.    رَ+  بْ  +  بَ = رَ بَّ   رَ بَّ  = lord  Rabba = r + a+ b  +  b + a Use of two (B) is shown in English, but in Arabic written two of the same letters are not written side by side.  Instead, a shadda sign (  ّ )  is used. Examples : That (  inna )   إِنَّ All ( kulla   )  كُلَّ Then (  themma ) ثُمَّ                     Exercise : Circle the letter that has Shadda : مُحَــرَّمْ مُعَلِّمْ وَزَّعَ حَطَّمَ Muha rr am  Mu- allim Wazza -a Hattama Forbidden Teacher To  deliver To smash مُشَرِّفْ دَمَّر مَدَّ هَذَّبَ Mucharref Dammra Madda  Hadhaba  honorable To destroy To exte

The tanween: is pronouncing of the last letter in the word with (noon) , It has three forms :   fat-ha tanween ً   sounds ( AN) dhamma  tanween ٌ     sounds (ON) kas-ra   tanween   ٍ    sounds (IN ) Examples :     EXERCISES      تَـمَـــارِيـــن ْ a.  Circle the word that has  tanween : سَرَقَ غَفَرَ أَبَدًا كُتُبٌ غَسَلَ saraqa ghafara abadan kutubon ghasala To steal To gophers never books To wash مَلِكًا رُسُلاً جَمَعَ كَذِبًا خَسِرَ malikan rusulan Jama -a kadhiban khasira King Messengers To collect lying To lose b. make the tanween to these words in three forms:  fat-ha tanween ً  and dhamma tanween ٌ , kas-ra    tanween ٍ   to these words in the table below: بِنَاءْ شَجَرَة مِثَالْ بَيْتْ قَلَمْ قَاضِي مَدْرَسَة سَمَاءْ عِلْمْ مَاءْ Kas-ra tanween (   ٍ   )  Dhamma tanween ( ٌ     ) Fat-ha tanwee (   ً   ) Words

      These forms  ( آ  ، ا ، ى ) of letter  alef ( أ ) make a Long Vowels in Isolation and in Context , and extend vowel ( A ).  Examples : -  letter (  ل ) + letter (  ا ) = word (  لا )      The pronunciation of ( لا ) is (  L aa ), means ( No ) • America = (  Amreec aa )    أ مْــر ِيـ كَـ ـ ـا • Australia = (  Austurali aa )   أ سْــتُــــر َا لِـيَـ ـــا - Name of ( ى ) is A lef  maqṣūrah  like in this word  عَلَى  ( Al aa )  means  on .    - The letter  ى   ( aa ) and The letter  ي  ( ya ) are not alike, t he letter  ي  ( ya ) also serves as a long vowel,  representing ( ee ).    Examples : - My sister = (  u kh t ee )  أُ خــ ْــتـ ِــي - kiwi = ( k ee w ee )  كِــ ــيــ ـ و ِى o The letter و ( waw ) may also makes a long vowel of  (u), or spell like (  oo ). Examples : -   Telephone =   تِلِـ ــيـ ـفُـون  -   Television =      تِـلِـفِزْ يـ ـون -   Avocado    =  أ فُــوكَـ ـــا دو بُو بِي بَــــا Boo Be